The economist Raphaële Chappe and the sociologist Ajay Singh Chaudhary linked the American economy with the monopolistic and oligarchic system of the Third Reich. They argued that Trump's success, like Hitler's before it, it was made possible by the disintegration of regulatory mechanisms and the replacement of functioning state institutions by a corrupt alliance between business leaders and state bureaucrats. In Strongmen: Mussolini to the Present [translated as Strongmen. From Mussolini to Trump] (2020), historian Ruth Ben-Ghiat compared the Italian fascist leader's repertoire of mass demonstrations, inflated masculinity, and attacks on the press with those of Trump, revealing how frayed civic bonds and trust in authority Whatsapp Mobile Number List our times . Perhaps the most original effort to use the 1930s to explain Trump's hypnotic presence has been made by historian Peter Gordon, who argued that Trump fulfilled a function that Theodor Adorno attributed to Mussolini and Hitler. To provide the masses with a fantasy of transgression (through violent rhetoric and nonstop spectacle), while maintaining the oppressive hierarchies of bourgeois-capitalist society. Linking today's American radical right to Europe's darkest moment in history proved controversial. Trump and his cronies shared some similarities with the fascists, several analysts claimed, but they went no deeper than his ideological overlap with the monarchists; finally, the differences were much more important.